为什么从类和实例中获取属性的查找过程不同?

从实例获取属性时的查找过程，例如obj.name

由于在 Python 3 中，每个类对象实际上都是其元类的一个实例(例如 type 类)，根据本书，为什么从类中获取属性的查找过程和从不同实例中获取属性的查找过程?

Since in Python 3, every class object is actually an instance of its metaclass (e.g. type class), according to the book, why are the lookup procedure for getting an attribute from a class and the lookup procedure for getting an attribute from an instance different?

推荐答案

它们并没有非常不同，书中的描述涵盖了它们不同的两种方式:

They're not very different, and the description from the book covers the two ways in which they differ:

1. 在类实例上找到的描述符(在类上找不到之后)不会被调用(ax = somedescriptor() 其中 a 是一个类实例，不是一个类，后跟 ax 只会返回你刚刚创建的 somedescriptor() 的实例)，而在元类实例上找到的描述符，即一个类(在没有找到之后在元类上)以 None 作为它被调用的实例调用(Ax = somedescriptor() 其中 A 是元类实例，而不是一个元类，将在您刚刚创建的 somedescriptor() 上调用 .__get__(None, A) ).这允许像 @classmethod 这样的东西通过将方法绑定到类本身来工作，无论它是在类的实例上还是在类本身上查找.
2. 类实例没有父实例"的概念.(类实例本身的命名空间是一个扁平的dict，即使与该类实例关联的属性是由多个继承级别的方法定义的)，因此基于MRO的查找的想法是独一无二的到元类实例.

1. Descriptors found on a class instance (after not being found on the class) don't get invoked (a.x = somedescriptor() where a is a class instance, not a class, followed by a.x will just return the instance of somedescriptor() you just made), while descriptors found on a metaclass instance i.e. a class (after not being found on the metaclass) get invoked with None as the instance it was called on (A.x = somedescriptor() where A is a metaclass instance, not a metaclass, will invoke .__get__(None, A) on the somedescriptor() you just made). This allows stuff like @classmethod to work by binding the method to the class itself whether it's looked up on an instance of the class or the class itself.
2. Class instances don't have a concept of "parent instances" (the namespace of the class instance itself is a flat dict, even if the attributes associated with that class instance were defined by methods from multiple levels of inheritance), so the idea of MRO-based lookup is unique to metaclass instances.

其他一切都差不多，只是本书在这里掩盖了元类的概念，因为大多数类都是基本 type 的实例，没有特殊行为.如果您有 type 以外的元类，则在查找类的属性时会应用完整的实例查找规则(只是该类的类是元类).

Everything else is pretty much the same, it's just that the book is glossing over the concept of metaclasses here, since most classes are instances of the base type, which has no special behaviors. If you have a metaclass other than type, the full instance lookup rules apply when looking up attributes on a class (it's just the class of the class is the metaclass).

他们可能在早期试图避免元类的复杂性，但在这个过程中，实例查找的规则似乎不适用于类；确实如此，只是类在基本查找过程中添加了一些额外的规则.

They were probably trying to avoid the complexity of metaclasses early on, but in the process made it seem like the rules for instance lookup didn't apply to classes; they do, it's just that classes add a couple extra rules to the basic lookup procedure.

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