从不同层次结构中导入 Python 模块

However, this setup is giving me problems. tasksets can import generate fine when I run tasksets as a script, but throws an error if I import tasksets inside training when I run training as a script (I think because training can't find generate as a script within the default path). I've tried looking at all sorts of other StackOverflow questions and answers, using __init__.py files, relative imports, etc. Currently, my workaround is to use the following lines inside tasksets:

if __name__ == "__main__": import generate
else: from data import generate

但这感觉不对(而且我的 IDE 也不喜欢它).请有人可以解释如何使用正确的 __init__.py 文件分类和导入语句，以便我可以在运行 tasksets 时导入 generate 作为脚本，在运行 training 作为脚本时还要导入 tasksets?

But this doesn't feel right (and my IDE don't like it neither). Please can someone explain how to use the right assortment of __init__.py files and import statements such that I can import generate when running tasksets as a script, and also import tasksets when running training as a script?

推荐答案

你最好使用经典的 Python 模块/包架构.

You better use a classical Python module / package architecture.

projectname/
    __init__.py
    __main__.py
    data/
        __init__.py
        generate.py
        tasksets.py

要使用您的应用程序，请进入 projectname/../ 目录(上一级 projectname/)并运行 python -m projectname.这将执行 projectname/__main__.py.

To use your app, go into projectname/../ directory (one level upper projectname/) and run python -m projectname. This will execute projectname/__main__.py.

在 __main__.py 中，您将编写如下内容:

In __main__.py you will write something like:

from projectname.data import generate
from projectname.data import tasksets

if __name__ == '__main__':
    generate.foo()
    tasksets.bar()

1. 您将使用绝对导入路径(以您的模块名称和一个点开头，projectname.)
2. 您将从 if __name__ == '__main__'
中导入子模块
3. __main__.py 将是您的应用/脚本的唯一入口点.

1. You will use absolute import path (starting by your module name and a dot, projectname.)
2. You will import your submodules out of the if __name__ == '__main__'
3. __main__.py will be the only entry-point of your app/script.

在任何其他文件中，您将使用相同的语法和路径来导入其他模块:

In any other file, you will use the same syntax and paths to import other modules:

data/generate.py:

from projectname.data import tasksets

def foo():
    print('SPAM!')
    tasksets.bar()

<小时>

我不太喜欢的东西，但我不确定是否有 PEP 否认它，

在您的 projectname/__init__.py 文件中，您可以编写:

In your projectname/__init__.py file you can write:

from projectname.data import generate
from projectname.data import tasksets

所以你的两个子模块将被导入你的主范围__init__.py，所以你可以从这个范围导入子模块，比如

So your two submodules will be imported into your main scope __init__.py, so you are able to import the submodules from this scope, like

data/generate.py:

from projectname import generate

但同样，我并不真正喜欢这种方式(因为显式优于隐式.)

But again, I don't really enjoy this way of doing (because Explicit is better than implicit.)

最后一点，